Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects how the body regulates blood glucose, commonly known as blood sugar. Without proper management, it can damage several organs, including the heart, kidneys, eyes and nerves. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help reduce the risk of complications.
The condition develops when the body does not produce enough insulin or cannot use the hormone effectively. Insulin, produced by the pancreas, helps glucose move from the bloodstream into cells, where it is used for energy.
When insulin production or function is impaired, glucose can build up in the blood. Persistently high blood sugar can cause serious health problems if left untreated.
Types of diabetes
There are several types of diabetes, each with different causes and treatment requirements.
Type 1 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body’s immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body produces little or no insulin.
The condition can develop at any age, although it is often diagnosed during childhood or adolescence. People with type 1 diabetes need insulin treatment to survive.
Type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes develops when the body becomes resistant to insulin or does not produce enough of the hormone to maintain normal blood sugar levels.
It is the most common form of diabetes and can affect adults and children. The risk increases with factors including age, family history, excess body weight and physical inactivity, although the condition can also develop in people without these risk factors.
Treatment may involve changes in diet and physical activity, medication and, in some cases, insulin.
Prediabetes
Prediabetes occurs when blood sugar levels are higher than normal but do not meet the diagnostic threshold for diabetes.
People with prediabetes have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, although progression is not inevitable. Appropriate lifestyle changes and medical follow-up can help reduce that risk.
Gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy when the body cannot produce or use enough insulin to meet increased demands.
The condition can affect the health of both the pregnant person and the baby if not properly managed. Blood sugar monitoring, dietary adjustments and medication when necessary can help control it.
Women who develop gestational diabetes also face a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life and may need follow-up testing after delivery.
Other forms of diabetes include monogenic diabetes, which results from changes in a single gene, and diabetes associated with certain diseases of the pancreas or medications.
Common signs and symptoms
Diabetes symptoms can develop gradually, particularly in type 2 diabetes. Some people may have no noticeable symptoms during the early stages.
Common warning signs include:
- Increased thirst.
- Frequent urination.
- Persistent fatigue or weakness.
- Blurred vision.
- Unexplained weight loss.
- Slow-healing wounds.
- Recurrent infections.
These symptoms do not necessarily mean a person has diabetes. However, anyone experiencing them should seek medical assessment and blood sugar testing.
Type 1 diabetes can develop rapidly and may cause a life-threatening complication called diabetic ketoacidosis. Warning signs include vomiting, abdominal pain, deep or rapid breathing and confusion. These symptoms require urgent medical attention.
Diagnosis and treatment
A health professional can diagnose diabetes using blood tests, including fasting blood glucose and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), which measures average blood sugar levels over approximately two to three months. Other tests may be used depending on the circumstances.
Treatment depends on the type of diabetes, the person’s health and their individual needs.
Management may include monitoring blood glucose, following a balanced diet, engaging in regular physical activity and taking prescribed medication. People with type 1 diabetes require insulin, while those with type 2 diabetes may need oral medicines, injectable treatments or insulin.
Regular medical reviews are important because diabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels. Monitoring blood pressure and cholesterol, attending recommended eye and kidney checks, and following treatment advice can help reduce the risk of complications.
People should not start, stop or change diabetes medication without consulting a qualified health professional.
Reducing the risk of complications
Although type 1 diabetes cannot currently be prevented, many people can reduce their risk of type 2 diabetes through sustainable lifestyle changes.
Eating a balanced diet, remaining physically active, avoiding tobacco and attending routine health checks can support overall health. People diagnosed with prediabetes may benefit from structured lifestyle support and regular monitoring.
Diabetes requires ongoing care rather than a single course of treatment. Anyone experiencing possible symptoms should seek medical advice instead of relying on symptoms alone to determine whether they have the condition.
